LTC EN

Expertise and services: ultrafast absorption and emission spectroscopy; femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy; single shot (destructive) pump-probe measurements; time-resolved investigations of light-induced phenomena in biological pigments and proteins; measurement of ultrafast dynamics in organic molecules in solutions and films; investigation of carrier dynamics in semiconductors and dielectrics; characterization of group velocity dispersion of reflective and transmissive optical components.

Laser sources:

Ti:Sapphire laser system (Libra-USP-HE, Coherent): pulse duration 50 fs, energy 2.5 mJ, wavelength 800 nm, pulse repetition rate 1 kHz. A switchover option between 50 fs pulse and 110 fs pulse amplification modes.

Optical parametric amplifiers TOPAS-800 (Light Conversion Ltd.) and TOPAS-Prime (Light Conversion Ltd., 2 units) with second harmonic, sum and difference frequency generation modules, the entire tuning range 210 nm - 20 µm.

High repetition rate Yb:KGW laser (Pharos, Light Conversion Ltd.) with second to fourth harmonics generators (1030 nm, 515 nm, 343nm, 257 nm) is available when lower excitation energies are required. Pulse duration 220 fs, repetition rate 1-200 kHz.

Instruments and accessories

Home-built three-beam flexible ultrafast difference absorption spectrometer for two-pulse (pump-probe) and three-pulse (pump-dump) transient absorption experiments; additionally, femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) measurements are possible.

Commercial pump-probe, fluorescence upconversion, fluorescence Kerr-shutter, and time-correlated single-photon counting systems (Harpia-TA, Harpia-TF, Light Conversion Ltd.) are available for quick-turnaround, hassle-free experiments.

Destructive pump-probe measurement (single-shot per tested area) setup with automated sample translation and data processing.

Liquid nitrogen bath cryostat available for measurements at temperatures 77-300K.

Micro-pump-probe setup for investigating samples with dimensions <50x50 µm.

Miscellaneous spectroscopy equipment: Andor Shamrock-500 spectrograph (gratings from 200 nm to 10 um) with Andor iXon-885 cooled CCD camera; spectral detectors covering the spectral range 200-2600 nm; point-detectors covering the range 200 nm – 10000 nm. Acton SP2300 spectrograph with Princeton Instrument PIXIS-256 cooled CCD. Fiber spectrometers covering the 200 nm - 2600 nm range.

Autocorrelator APE-mini, FROG.

White light interferometer for measuring group delay characteristics of reflective and transmissive optical components in 400 nm – 1700 nm spectral range.

On request, supplementary instruments, e.g. spectrophotometer, optical microscope, etc., are available from the General Equipment list.

Unit 3.1. Laboratory of Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics

Expertise and services: studies of ultrafast light-matter interactions: nonlinear propagation, spectral broadening, and supercontinuum generation in dielectric materials, semiconductors, and photonic crystal fibers; characterization of ultrashort pulse-induced nonlinear phenomena in temporal, spatial, and spectral domains; pulse post-compression and femtosecond filamentation phenomena in transparent bulk materials; frequency conversion processes with femtosecond pulses

Laser sources

Amplified Yb:KGW laser (Pharos, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 180 fs, wavelength 1035 nm, energy up to 1 mJ, average power 6 W, pulse repetition rate up to 200 kHz.

Optical parametric amplifier (Orpheus-ONE-HP, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 180 fs, wavelength tuning range 1320-4500 nm, pulse repetition rate 10 kHz; difference-frequency generator with wavelength tuning range 5-12 µm.

Home-built high average power FCPA Yb-laser system based on Yb:KGW oscillator (FLINT, Light Conversion Ltd.) and diode-pumped Yb-doped polarization-maintaining double clad rod-type fiber amplifier (aeroGAIN-ROD-PM85, NKT Photonics), pulse repetition rate 76 MHz, average power 70 W, pulse duration 114 fs, wavelength 1034 nm with optional second harmonic generation module (average power 30 W).

Instruments and accessories

Home-built automated and flexible data acquisition system.

Home-built high dynamic range scanning prism spectrometer, 200-4900 nm detection range.

SHG-FROG and XFROG setups on laboratory breadboard with MatLab code-based semi-analytical non-iterative XFROG algorithm for retrieval of complex-shaped broadband pulses.

Scanning autocorrelator (GECO, Light Conversion Ltd.).

Portable UV-VIS-NIR spectrometers: AvaSpec-3648 (Avantes), AvaSpec-ULS2048CL (Avantes), AvaSpec-2048-USB1 (Avantes), QE65000 (Ocean Optics), Qmini VIS-LC (RGB Photonics), portable NIR-SWIR spectrometer NIRQuest NQ512-2.2 (Ocean Optics), detection range 900-2100 nm.

On request, supplementary instruments, e.g. spectrophotometer, optical microscope, etc., are available from the General Equipment list.

Numerical tools

Originally developed MatLab code based on solving unidirectional propagation equation for numerical simulations of nonlinear pulse propagation in various materials and operating conditions.

Three light pulse interaction (TLPI) code for numerical simulation of ultrashort pulse parametric frequency conversion processes (second harmonic, sum and difference frequency generation, optical parametric amplification) with up-to-date database of nonlinear crystals.

Originally developed software „Parametrika“ for numerical simulation of parametric up-conversion and down-conversion processes, calculation of phase matching conditions, evaluation of gain bandwidth in bulk, and periodically poled nonlinear media with interactive menu. Available in Windows (desktop mode) and Android (tablet mode) versions.

Originally developed MatLab code for numerical simulation of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers.

Unit 3.2. Laboratory of Laser-Matter Interaction and THz spectroscopy

Expertise and services: studies of laser-matter and laser-plasma interactions in solids and gases; THz generation; nonlinear optical phenomena in air; spectroscopy and characterization of materials and radiation sources in the far infrared and THz spectral ranges; high-sensitivity time-resolved quantitative measurements of permanent and transient light-induced refractive index changes by means of digital holography.

Laser Sources:

Ti:sapphire laser system (Legend Elite Duo, Coherent): pulse duration 45 fs, wavelength 800 nm, repetition rate 1 kHz. Two independent compressed outputs: main channel energy up to 5 mJ, secondary channel energy up to 500 µJ.

Optical parametric amplifier (TOPAS-HE, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 50 fs, wavelength tuning range 1150-2500 nm, with second harmonic, sum and difference frequency generators, the entire tuning range 235 nm – 9 µm. 

Amplified Yb:KGW laser (Pharos, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 250 fs, wavelength 1030 nm, average power up to 8 W, pulse repetition rate up to 200 kHz.

Amplified Yb:KGW laser (Pharos, Light Conversion Ltd.): adjustable pulse duration in the range of 190 fs – 10 ps, wavelength 1030 nm, energy up to 1 mJ, average power 6 W, pulse repetition rate up to 200 kHz.

Instruments and accessories

Home-built time-resolved digital holographic microscopy setup with control unit for automatic pump-probe hologram acquisition and sample positioning; digital hologram reconstruction and post-processing software. Spatial resolution down to 1 µm. Probe 1: Home-built noncollinear optical amplifier, pulse duration 25 fs, central wavelength 540 nm, maximum delay range 2 ns. Probe 2: Q-switched, frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser with electronic delay control, pulse duration 3 ns, wavelength 532 nm.

Home-made gas-filled hollow-core fiber-based pulse compressor, pulsewidth 10 fs, wavelength 800 nm, energy up to 300 µJ.

Home-made THz spectrometer, detection range 1–100 THz (3–300 μm).

Multi-shot autocorrelators: PulseCheck 15 ShortPulse (APE), GECO (Light Conversion Ltd.).

Imaging spectrograph (Acton SP2300, Princeton Instruments) coupled with low-noise detector (Pixis 256E).

Portable spectrometers: AvaSpec-3648 (Avantes) for 300-1100 nm spectral range and NIRQuest NQ512-2.2 (Ocean Optics) for 900-2100 nm spectral range.

On request, supplementary instruments, e.g. spectrophotometer, optical microscope, etc., are available from the General Equipment list.

Unit 3. 3. Laboratory of Optical Parametric Phenomena

Expertise and services: studies of sub-ns, narrow-band optical parametric oscillation and generation; poling quality evaluation of periodically poled nonlinear crystals; experiments on spontaneous parametric down-conversion; quantum optics; supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers (optional) and characterization of their dispersive and nonlinear properties.

Laser Sources:

Yb:KGW oscillator (FLINT, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 48 fs, wavelength 1041 nm, pulse repetition rate 76 MHz, average power 2.9 W, second harmonic generation module (HIRO, Light Conversion Ltd.), average power 1.6 W.

Frequency tripled subnanosecond Nd:YAG microlaser (STA01-TH-8 MOPA, Standa) with beam control and manipulation modes, wavelength 355 nm, pulsewidth 500 ps, pulse repetition rate 1 kHz; additional outputs at fundamental (1064 nm, 100 mW) and second (532 nm, 40 mW) harmonics.

Instruments and accessories

Optical spectrum analyzer (AQ6317C, Ando), spectral range 900-1700 nm, resolution 5 pm.

Optical spectrum analyzer (OSA207C, Thorlabs), spectral range 1-12 µm, resolution 5 pm at 1 µm.

Single-photon counting module (SPCM-780-14-FC, Excelitas), spectral range 600-1050 nm (2 units).

Expertise and services: optics characterization experiments; standardized Laser-Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) measurements (single shot 1-on-1 tests) for destructive optics characterization in the deep UV to mid-IR range with nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses; laser-induced fatigue testing (multi-shot S-on-1 tests) to evaluate long-term durability of optical coatings and materials; optical absorption loss measurements using photothermal common-path interferometry (PCI), including nonlinear absorptance characterization; homogeneity assessment; coating vs. bulk absorptance differentiation; time-resolved absorption scanning.

Laser sources:

Nanosecond Nd:YAG laser (SpitLight Hybrid, INNOLAS): wavelengths: 1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm, 266 nm, 213 nm, pulse duration 8 ns, pulse repetition rate 1-100 Hz, max pulse energy 400 mJ (100 Hz, 1064 nm), average power 30 W (100 Hz, 1064 nm).

Nanosecond Nd:YAG laser (NL303G, EKSPLA): wavelengths: 1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm, 266 nm, pulse duration 3-6 ns (at 1064 nm), pulse repetition rate 10 Hz, max pulse energy 300 mJ (10 Hz, 1064 nm)

High-power industrial picosecond laser (ATLANTIC 80-IR-GR40-UV30-VP, EKSPLA): pulse duration fixed 10 ± 3 ps or tunable from 150 to 400 ps, pulse repetition rate 400 kHz, average power 80 W (1064 nm), 40 W (532 nm), 30 W (355 nm).

Femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser with optical parametric amplifier (available from Unit 3.3).

Instruments and accessories

Home-built semi-automated Laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) testing setup, including online damage detection, mechanical shutters, energy meters, pulse duration and beam profile characterization and data acquisition equipment (in combination with ns and fs laser sources above).

Commercial PCI absorption measurement system (PCI-03, Stanford Photo-Thermal Solutions): operational wavelengths 1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm. Capable of reflection and transmission mode measurements (in combination with ATLANTIC laser).

Vacuum chamber with built-in XYR motorized positioning system (Pfeifer vacuum pump HiPace 300, minimum achievable pressure down to 10^-6 mBar), compatible with the LIDT test system.

Single-stage cryo-cooling refrigerator system (CTI-Cryogenics, Cryodyne), minimum achievable temperature down to 77 K, compatible with the vacuum chamber for low-temperature laser damage testing.

On request, supplementary instruments, e.g. optical microscope, spectrophotometer, etc., are available from the General Equipment list.

Expertise and services: laser additive manufacturing of free-form 3D micro-/nano-structures out of organic, hybrid organic-inorganic, and inorganic materials; study of polymerization photophysical and photochemical mechanisms, optimization of accuracy, throughput and repeatability, characterization of the fabricated structures; production of 3D micro-optics, nano-photonic lattices, biomedical scaffolds of diverse optical, optically active, biocompatible, biodegradable, and renewable materials; testing of novel and advanced functional materials for 3D printing.

Laser sources

Amplified Yb:KGW laser (Pharos, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 300 fs, repetition rate 1-200 kHz, fundamental (1030 nm) and second harmonic (515 nm) outputs, average power 6 W, pulse energy up to 0.4 mJ.

Amplified Yb:KGW laser (Pharos, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 280 fs, repetition rate 1-1000 kHz, average power 6 W and optical parametric amplifier (Orpheus-ONE, Light Conversion) with second harmonic and sum-frequency generation stages, wavelength tuning range 300 – 2700 nm.

Yb:KGW laser oscillator (Flint, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 100 fs, repetition rate 76 MHz, fundamental (1035 nm) and second harmonic (517 nm) outputs are available separately and both simultaneously.

Instruments and accessories

Integrated workstation (femtoLAB, Workshop of Photonics) with modified wide working field (infinite field of view), sample translation stage (ALS130, Aerotech), scan head (hurryScan II 10, ScanLab), control and automation software: 3Dpoli (Femtika Ltd.), AltSca (Workshop of Photonics), Cicada (Biomimetic).

Integrated workstation (Laser NanoFactory, Femtika Ltd.) equipped with universal vacuum sample holder with computer-controlled, position synchronized illumination for transparent samples, XYZ positioning stages (Aerotech), galvano-scanners (Aerotech) and control and automation software 3Dpoli (Femtika Ltd.).

Home-built integrated workstation with piezo actuator nanopositioning stage (P-563.3CD PIMars, Physik Instrumente), control and automation software 3Dpoli (Femtika Ltd.).

Spatial light modulators (X15223-16, X10468-03, Hamamatsu) for beam shaping.

Tabletop UV resin 3D printers: Asiga Pico2 UV, Autodesk Ember 3D, Anycubic Photon Mono M7.

Sample preparation and post-processing tools: Hot oven (P330, Nabertherm), oven with heat distribution and vacuum (VacuCell), critical point dryer (EMS Q850, Quorum), metal sputter coating (150 RS, Quorum), spin coater (KW-4A, Chemat Technology), ultrasonic bath (EMMI 20HC, EMAG), precision scales (AX124, GF-300, Sartorius), Soxhlet extractor, magnetics stirrers-heaters.

On request, supplementary instruments, e.g. SEM EDS, optical microscope, etc., are available from the General Equipment list.

Expertise and services: femtosecond laser micromachining of various materials, including bulk processing of optically transparent glasses and crystals; direct laser writing applications; precision laser cutting; 3D processing via laser-assisted chemical etching. Photonic device integration in transparent materials: photonic crystals for beam shaping, DOE; microfabrication with conventional and advanced laser beam shapes (Gaussian, Bessel, Top-Hat); surface patterning, including LIPSS applications; deep engraving of optical materials with low surface roughness; laser lift-off employing UV laser pulses. Adaptation of the system to user-defined applications.

Laser sources:

Yb:KGW femtosecond laser system (CARBIDE, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 210 fs, wavelength 1030 nm, pulse energy up to 0.4 mJ, average power 40 W, pulse repetition rate 1-1000 kHz with second (515 nm, max 22 W at 602.7 kHz), third (343 nm, max 11 W at 602.7 kHz) and fourth (257 nm, max 2 W at 602.7 kHz) harmonics modules. Laser provides a burst-mode operation with 600 MHz (max 9 pulses per burst) and 2.1 GHz (max 25 pulses per burst) intra-burst repetition rates and COMBO regime (mixture of MHz and GHz regimes).

Yb:KGW femtosecond laser system (PHAROS Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 260 fs, wavelength 1030 nm, pulse energy up to 0.2 mJ, average power 20 W, pulse repetition rate 50-610 kHz, with second, third and fourth harmonics options.

Yb:KGW femtosecond laser system (CARBIDE Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 260 fs, wavelength 1030 nm, pulse energy up to 0.1 mJ, average power 5 W, pulse repetition rate 60-400KHz, with second harmonics.

Yb:KGW femtosecond laser system (PHAROS, Light Conversion Ltd.): pulse duration 260 fs, wavelength 1030 nm, pulse energy up to 0.3 mJ, average power 9 W, pulse repetition rate 25-200 kHz (pulse on demand), with optional second, third and fourth harmonics module (HIRO, Light Conversion Ltd.).

Pulsed CO₂ laser (Pulstar p100, Synrad): wavelength 10.6 µm, pulse duration 0.6 ms, peak power 400 W (at 1kHz), average power 100 W, repetition rate 0-100 kHz.

Instruments and accessories

Unit 7.1: AEROTECH-based nominal 5 axis (2 rotational stages can be dismounted) nanopositioning stage: XY stages (2x ANT180L, travel range 160 mm, accuracy ±200 nm), Z Stage (ANT130L, travel range 60 mm, accuracy ±250 nm), continuous rotational stage (ANT130R, accuracy 3 arcsec, speed 200 rpm), rotational stage (ADRS150, accuracy 6 arcsec, speed 600 rpm, travel range: ± 90 deg). Fully automated.

Unit 7.2: AEROTECH-based nominal 5 axis (2 rotational stages can be dismounted) nanopositioning stage: XY stage (ABL1500WB, travel range 300 mm, accuracy ±400 nm), Z Stage (ABL15020Z, travel range 200 mm, accuracy ±500 nm), continuous rotational stage (ANT130R, accuracy 3 arcsec, speed 200 rpm), rotational stage (ADRS200, accuracy 6 arcsec, speed 600 rpm, travel range: ± 90 deg). Fully automated.

Unit 7.3: AEROTECH-based nominal 3-axis nanopositioning stage: XY stage (ANT130XY, travel range 300 mm, accuracy ± 200 nm), Z Stage (ANT130LSZ, travel range 60 mm, accuracy ±300 nm). Fully automated.

Unit 7.4: AEROTECH-based nominal 3-axis nanopositioning stage: XY stages (2x PRO225LM, travel range 600 mm, accuracy ± 15 um), 2x Z Stages (PRO165-LM, travel range 100 mm, accuracy ±4 um). Fully automated.

Unit 7.5: Home-built setup for surface micropatterning and material micro-drilling with a home-built galvanometric scanner employing a set of f-theta lenses for UV to IR spectral ranges.

Scanner Systems: SCANLAB IntelliScan 10 (343nm), IntelliScan 14 (257 nm), IntelliScan 10 (1030 nm + 515nm), ExelliScan 14 (1030 nm + 515 nm), ScanCUBE (10.6 µm).

Nanopositioning stages, scanners, and lasers are interconnected with dedicated software DMC Pro and SCA (Workshop of Photonics).

Beam shaper (Canunda-Pulse, Cailabs) for converting Gaussian to Top-Hat beam (500 um x 500 um), for 1030 nm wavelength, max pulse energy 0.1 mJ, pulse duration 300 fs.

Hydrofluoric acid vapor phase etcher (VPE 100, IDONUS) for SiO₂ etching. Chemical facility for liquid HF, KOH etching.

Autocorellator (Geco, Light Conversion Ltd.), FLIR -A600 thermal imager

On request, supplementary instruments, e.g. SEM EDS, profilometer, spectrophotometer, optical microscope, etc., are available from the General Equipment list.

Expertise and services: analysis of the chemical composition of materials using LIBS in the 175-1300 nm range; 2D mapping of the chemical composition of the surface; in-depth chemical analysis; on-line monitoring of laser micromachining processes via LIBS.

Laser sources

Amplified Yb:KGW laser (Pharos, Light Conversion Ltd.): adjustable pulse duration in the range of 190 fs – 10 ps, wavelength 1030 nm, energy up to 1 mJ, average power 6 W, pulse repetition rate up to 200 kHz, integrated second harmonic generation module, home-built module for third harmonic generation.

Q-switched nanosecond Nd:YAG laser: wavelength 1064 nm; pulse repetition rate 1-20 Hz; pulse duration 3-5 ns; pulse energy up to 1.2 J, integrated second and third harmonics modules.

Instruments and accessories

LIBS interaction chamber (AtomTrace) with motorized 3-axis sample manipulation, integrated autofocus system of laser beam and interactive online sample view, pressure range 1-1300 mbar, different atmospheres e.g. He, Xe, Ar, etc.; apochromatic optical system for the collection of plasma emission in the 175-1300 nm spectral range; LIBS Software AtomAnalyzer (AtomTrace) for spectra processing.

Four-channel Digital Delay Generator (AC-DDG-4, AtomTrace) for time-gated LIBS measurements

High bandpass and high resolution Echelle spectrograph (Mechelle ME5000, Andor Technology) with integrated intensified CCD camera (iStar DH334T, Andor Technology/Oxford Instruments), detection range 380 - 1090 nm; Andor Solis (Andor Technology/Oxford Instruments) software for automatic extraction of full-range calibrated spectra from a complex echelle image; peak labeling with NIST table.

Home-built single/multiple-pulse LIBS setup with motorized and programmable XY-axis translation stages, beam focusing and plasma emission collection optical systems for measurements of custom-size samples, high temperature regimes and very tight beam focusing geometry.

Compact deep UV OEM spectrometer (FREEDOM HR-DUV, Ibsen Photonics) with integrated detector Hamamatsu S11156-2048-02, detection range 178-409 nm, resolution 0.3 nm; optomechanical system for integration into LIBS interaction chamber.

On request, supplementary instruments, e.g. SEM EDX, optical microscope, profilometer, etc., are available from the General Equipment list.

Expertise and Services: evaluation of anti-cancer treatments in 2D and 3D cell cultures. Separation, identification, and quantification of compounds in a chemical mixture. Studies of tissue structure with polarimetric second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG) and multiphoton excitation fluorescence (MPF) imaging. Imaging and investigation of biological samples, including cancerous and other pathological samples. Characterization of nanoparticles and nanomaterials by steady state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy methods, optical visualization of their accumulation in biological samples. Determination of photophysical properties and photochemical activity of organic chromophores and fluorophores in the solid state, in solutions and model biological environments.

Instruments and accessories:

Cell laboratory: nSafe Class II biological safety cabinet for on-site cell work. Separate agreements are necessary before any radionuclides are taken in.

Liquid nitrogen cooled gamma-ray spectrometer (GR-1019, Canberra) for radionuclide evaluation.

Portable 96-well plate reader (Boynoy) for cell viability assessments at remote irradiation facilities

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (P580A HPG, Dionex) for separation, identification, and quantification of biologically relevant compounds in a chemical mixture. Undergoing system upgrades: additional fluorescence detector and fraction collector are being connected to the system.

Home-build nonlinear polarimetric microscope based on femtosecond oscillator (FLINT, Light Conversion, Ltd., pulse duration 100 fs, repetition rate 76 MHz, central wavelength at 1030 nm) with single-photon counting photomultiplier tube (PMT) (H10682-210, Hamamatsu) and second, third harmonics, and multiphoton fluorescence (MPF) signal detection for biomedical imaging, full nonlinear Stokes-Mueller polarimetry (NSMP) measurements with submicron resolution. Data processing and analysis is performed using custom software written on MATLAB and Python.

Fluorescence microscope (Eclipse 80i, Nikon). Phase contrast and dark field modes are available.

UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometers: Luminescence spectrometer (LS55, Perkin Elmer) for examination of samples in excitation and emission modes in the 200 to 800 nm wavelength range; Fiber spectrometers (AvaSpec-2048 and AvaSpec-USL2048L, Avantes, and USB2000, Ocean Optics) for measurements of material transmission and absorption in the 200-1100 nm wavelength range; Spectrofluorimeter (USB2000, Ocean Optics) with bifurcated fiber for contact fluorescence measurements of solid and liquid samples from 350 nm to 1100 nm.

HIGH-RESOLUTION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE PRISMA E, with INTEGRATED EDS (ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY) MODULE (THERMO SCIENTIFIC INC.) for observation of samples under variable vacuum and current settings, with the possibility of substrate tilting and rotation. Magnification 5 to 1,000,000×, resolution down to 3 nm. Integration of SEM and EDS functions in a single, seamless user interface for ultra-high resolution EDS element mapping.

TABLE-TOP SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TM-1000, HITACHI) for observation of sample microscopic geometry and morphology. Magnification 20-10000×

INVERTED TRANSMISSION MICROSCOPE (OLYMPUS IX73) for microscopy of transparent samples, including wet ones, monitoring wet development/drying of lithography-made 3D micro-/nano-structures, and microfluidics devices.

OPTICAL MICROSCOPE WITH IMAGING CCD CAMERA (OLYMPUS BX51) for observation and imaging of sample morphology via brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, Nomarski differential interference contrast.

LASER PROFILOMETER (OLYMPUS LEXT OLS5100) for topographic analysis of sample surface, measurement automation, bulk data processing, and microscopy. Reflection-type confocal laser scanning microscope with differential interference contrast (DIC) capabilities.

OPTICAL PROFILOMETER (PLΜ2300, SENSOFAR) for topographic analysis of sample surface

SPECTROPHOTOMETER (UV-3101PC, SHIMADZU) for measurements of spectral characteristics (transmission, absorption, reflection) of optical samples in the 190-3200 nm spectral range.

DIONEX LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) SYSTEM for separation, identification, and quantification of biologically relevant compounds in a chemical mixture

At the Laser Research Center, we offer a wide range of laser research and services. Our facilities support work in areas like high-intensity lasers, ultrafast spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, and precision material processing. We provide advanced instruments and expert support to help you explore light–matter interactions and develop new solutions. Please explore the sections below to learn more about the specific services and expertise we offer.

Study programme aim:

" During my studies in Laser Technology, I was first and foremost impressed by the professionalism of the lecturers, their enthusiasm for sharing knowledge with the younger generation and their attitude towards students as equal colleagues. Already after the first lectures, I was enchanted by the practicality of the subjects studied, the realism and applicability of the problems solved. It was during my Master's studies that I carried out the most useful laboratory work, which consolidated the theoretical knowledge I had acquired and honed the skills I needed not only for my coursework and thesis, but also to work in the laser industry. " Edvinas Skliutas Graduate in Laser Technology

Results:

The MSc in Materials Science is able to use modern scientific concepts and theoretical models, modern modelling and computational methods, to carry out targeted experiments and to analyse and summarise the results, to carry out experiments using modern technologies and technical equipment, and to grasp the relationship between science and production.

Career opportunities:

Graduates can work in high-tech companies and in the field of technical services, in the field of laser and optical technology, and in scientific work. 

More Information:

• Study programme plan
• Admission conditions and requirements
• Programme presentation
• Learn more about the Master's programmes

 Have a question? Give us a call at (8 5) 236 6002 on weekdays between 9 AM and 5 PM, or email us at studijos@ff.vu.lt.

Study programme aim:

"I was surprised by the practicality and relevance of the subjects taught. The knowledge and skills acquired in the first semester of lectures and practical sessions can be applied not only in your research work but also in the laser industry. The motivation to continue studying is supported by the fact that most of the lecturers try to convey the knowledge in a detailed and interesting way, and if you don't like any of the subjects, you can always work out an individual study plan." Kamilė Tulaitė Graduate in Laser Physics and Optical Technology

Results:

Upon completion of this programme, graduates will be able to independently plan, organise and carry out targeted experiments using modern scientific and technological laser equipment, analyse data using modern scientific concepts, theoretical models and tools, summarise the results in the broader context of the scientific or technological problem being addressed, and continue to develop their professionalism and competences independently. Graduates will acquire the full range of fundamental and practical knowledge necessary for the development of new innovative lasers and laser systems and their application in various fields of modern fundamental and applied research and in the laser industry.

Career opportunities:

Graduates of the Master's degree programme in Laser Physics and Optical Technologies can work in scientific research and applied work in high-tech companies, institutions and technical services, in the field of laser physics and optical technologies, and in physics-intensive governmental institutions.

More Information:

• Study programme plan
• Admission conditions and requirements
• Programme presentation
• Learn more about the Master's programmes

 Have a question? Give us a call at (8 5) 236 6002 on weekdays between 9 AM and 5 PM, or email us at studijos@ff.vu.lt.

LRC lecture room occupancy

You can check the timetables of auditorium availability here:

Naglis 305 auditorium          LRC 306 auditorium          Naglis 604 auditorium

If you want to reserve these classrooms for your classes, meetings or other activities, you can do so by registering in the VU timetable system with your VU Information System login details. After registering, click on "Add a reservation" in the window that opens and fill in the form provided. Bookings must be approved by the person responsible for the timetable before they can take effect, so don't be surprised if they don't appear in the calendar immediately after creation.

In case of any uncertainty, lack of access to VU IS or to create a recurring reservation, please contact the Centre Administrator, indicating the auditorium you wish to reserve, the purpose of the reservation, the date (period from-to-date, if it is a recurring reservation), the time (from-to-date), and your contact details.

The first years after independence were difficult: budget funding was cut sharply, the number of staff was almost halved, and there was no scope for additional project funding. However, after surviving the first few difficult years, new perspectives opened up. Cooperation agreements were signed with European and US research centres, and the Department's research projects were supported by the State Science and Studies Fund.

Among the first orders from foreign organisations in independent Lithuania we can mention: a stable picosecond glass laser for Aalborg University; an optical parametric amplifier for a femtosecond titanium sapphire laser for the European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS) in Florence; second- and third-order correlators and autocorrelators for the Universities of Pavia and Lund, and for the Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching; large-aperture second- and third-harmonic generators for high-power femtosecond lasers at Lund University; research for the Boeing Company on the generation of high-power laser radiation in the visible domain for the evaluation of atmospheric distortions.

The Department's experience in laser and non-linear optics design was used in 1994 to found the first laser company to spin off from the Department, MGF Light Conversion. Its first products were optical parametric light amplifiers for femtosecond and picosecond TOPAS lasers and stable picosecond Twinkle glass lasers. In 20 years, the company has become one of the largest Lithuanian companies producing world-renowned products. These include the TOPAS, of which more than 1000 units are installed in many universities, research institutions and companies around the world, and the PHAROS femtosecond ytterbium laser, which serves both science and industry. Altechna UAB, the second laser company established in 1996, which spun off from the Department, is growing rapidly. It is involved in the development and production of laser components, special lasers, laser electronics and laser micromachining systems.

In 1999-2003, a unique coherent spectrophotometer was developed at the Laser Research Centre of Vilnius University within the framework of the NATO Science for Peace project "Laser spectrometer for testing of crystals and optical component coatings in a wide spectral and angular range", which enables ISO-compliant measurements of reflectance and transmittance, scattering and absorption losses, as well as the threshold of the laser-induced optical damage in a broad spectral region. The project directors were Prof. V. Sirutkaitis (VU) and Dr. R. Eckardt (Cleveland Crystals Inc.). The NATO grant for the project was EUR 888 thousand. The grant for the project was 888 LTL and was mainly used for the purchase of equipment. An additional contribution of 100 thousand EUR was received from the Lithuanian Science Council. A subsidy of 100 LTL was also provided. This project was an important criterion for the selection of the VU LTC on the list of science centres to be renovated under the joint project "Renovation of Science Centres 2001-2003" of the Ministry of National Defence (MoND) and the Ministry of Education and Science (MoES). Within the framework of this project, the VU LTC received a total of EUR 4.1 million. LTL LTC. The LTL LTC was granted a total amount of EUR 3.7 million. For 7.7 million LTL, new equipment was purchased, including the first femtosecond titanium sapphire laser in Lithuania, and for 0.4 million LTL, the LTL LTL LTC was equipped with the first titanium sapphire laser in Lithuania. The laboratory premises were renovated for the first time. This support allowed for a major renovation of the LTC's scientific equipment and, to some extent, the laboratory infrastructure. The LTC equipment purchased with the funds was made available free of charge to the staff of other Lithuanian research institutions in accordance with the approved open access principles. This has helped the department's researchers to participate in European research programmes.

In 2001, the VU LTC gained the right to provide international access when the CEBIOLA project ("Cell Biology and Lasers: Towards New Technologies"; project budget - EUR 631 000), developed together with the VU Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, was awarded the status of an Exclusive Research Centre in the EU competition. At the time, it was the only Exceptional Science Centre in Lithuania among 34 others in EU candidate countries.

The reconstruction and renovation of the VU LTC building benefited from funds allocated by the MoES and MoD in 2000-2002, as well as from EU Structural Funds in 2005-2008. The support provided by the MoES and the MoES under the programme "Renovation of Scientific Centres" helped the LTC to become an associate member of the international EU network of laser centres LASERNET and, since 2004, a full member of the integrated European laboratory LASERLAB-EUROPE. Within the framework of the LASERLAB-EUROPE projects (currently LASERLAB-EUROPE III project), 82 EU researchers from Ireland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United Kingdom visited the VU LTC in the period 2004-2014 to carry out 39 international projects, and to use the equipment of the VU LTC, which was rented out for ~ €1.3 million, for 480 days. LTL.

Opening of the newly renovated Laser Research Centre in 2002.From the left: the Vice-Rector of the VU Prof. J.V. J. Vaitkus, Minister of National Defence L. Linkevičius, Prime Minister A. Brazauskas, Prof. A.P. Piskarskas and KEK Affairs Manager L. Mikalauskienė

International access was also carried out between 2005 and 2008 under the EU Marie Curie sub-programme project ATLAS (38 months, 6 international projects, 6 PhD students or young foreign researchers). Another major international project, STELLA (2006-2009), was carried out under the Marie Curie Chairs sub-programme of the EU's 6th Framework Programme (FP6). Its aim was to create a European reference training centre where young researchers could acquire and share the most up-to-date and relevant knowledge on laser physics and non-linear optics. The project has successfully hosted 3 annual month-long summer schools on laser experiments for Lithuanian and international Masters and PhD students, where leading Lithuanian and international experts in laser physics have shared their experience. The STELLA project expanded the scientific activities and international cooperation of Vilnius University laser specialists. During the project, a science popularisation exhibition was organised, revealing to the general public the deep links between science and art.

In 2004-2008, four FP6 projects and five High Technology Support Programme (HTSP) projects were carried out by the Vilnius University LTC. In 2007-2008, the VU LTC was involved as coordinator or partner in seven new ATPP projects. Thus, new EU and NATO funded projects are continuously being won, cooperation with Lithuanian laser industry is expanding, the number of PhD students in the Department is increasing and the number of publications is growing.

Normal 0 false false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 EU Structural Funds have helped to upgrade the infrastructure and equipment of teaching and research laboratories, modernise the Master's and PhD programmes.

Normal 0 false false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 With the constantly rapidly growing needs of science and technology in laser research, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania decided to establish a modern complex "Naglis" in the "Sunrise Valley", which will be used for the development of new promising scientific fields, the development of laser technologies and the international access to both scientific and business organisations. The complex was built with funding from the EU Structural Funds' Growth Action Programme measure "Strengthening the General Infrastructure for Science and Studies" (VP2-1.1-ŠMM-04-V). The project has significantly strengthened Lithuania's position in EU research infrastructure networks and international R&D programmes (Laserlab-Europe and ELI - "Extreme Light Infrastructure"). The aim of these programmes is to create a scientific complex providing European and global scientists and industry with access to unique high-power laser radiation equipment, as well as a variety of secondary sources, for innovative research in high-field physics and cosmology.

The Naglis Open Access Complex is built on top of the ~730 m2 VU LTC superstructure. It houses four scientific laboratories (for parametric phenomena, high-intensity optics, laser nanophotonics and metrology experiments), which were designed from the outset with the need to maintain a constant temperature and cleanliness in mind. This is accompanied by workstations for the centre's staff, visiting researchers and students, as well as a spacious chemical preparation room. The complex will include basic and applied research, student training, and allow Lithuanian companies to test advanced laser technologies for their product development. The new laboratories of the Naglis complex are planned to develop the following scientific areas:

• Parametric phenomena, X-ray generation and attosecond physics. The laboratory has developed and deployed a multilevel parametric amplification system for the generation of terawatt-peak power pulses with a duration of less than 10 femtoseconds; a diagnostic complex for the study of non-linear phenomena and materials in the ultraviolet and X-ray spectral domains.
• Generation of terahertz radiation in gases. A high-power femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system will be used to generate terahertz (and optical) band sources for nonlinear optics in gases with high damage thresholds.
• Laser nanophotonics. High power and broadly tunable laser sources will also be used for the rapid formation of derivatives requiring nanometre resolution. Such formations would have applications in micro-optics, micro-mechanics, photonics and biomedicine.
• Damage and absorption studies of optical elements. This will be carried out with high-energy laser sources tunable over a wide spectral range. Higher power radiation will allow the use of standard scattering and radiation recording techniques to identify optical damage and to perform such studies under vacuum conditions.

Department professors, staff, PhD students and students in front of the new Naglis Complex building in May 2014.

VU KEK and LTC staff members publish numerous scientific papers in prestigious international scientific publications, give presentations at international conferences, actively participate in international projects, and continuously expand their research areas. This confirms the scientific excellence and competence of VU KEK and LTC in the field of laser physics and laser technologies. In addition to the long-established Lithuanian laser companies Šviesos Konversijos and Altechnos, VU KEK and LTC staff and graduates have created Lidaris UAB in 2012 and Femtika UAB in 2013. Since 2013, VU KEK and LTC have been operating open access centres providing access to their equipment, which are used by the aforementioned and other Lithuanian companies. Graduates of the Department are successfully working in the world's most renowned research centres (Europe, USA, Japan), and the KEK and LRC staff are laureates of four Lithuanian Science Prizes and one Progress Prize. The Department balances basic and applied research and experimental development. At the same time, it hosts studies and trains highly qualified laser technology specialists.

During the 40 years of the Department's work, 457 graduates have graduated (242 graduates before 1995, 214 Masters graduates between 1996 and 2014), 67 doctoral and 7 habilitated doctoral theses have been defended, and 4 habilitation procedures have been conducted.

Thus, the VU Department of Quantum Electronics, the Laser Research Centre and the Naglis Open Access Complex:

• is the largest and strongest scientific unit in Lithuania, where research on laser physics, non-linear optical phenomena, laser spectroscopy, laser applications and laser technology development is carried out;
• the only one in Lithuania that trains Masters in laser physics and laser technology;
• the only one in Lithuania to provide international access to foreign research groups since 2001, allowing them to use the unique laser systems available.

The science of quantum electronics dates back to 1954, when the first microwave quantum oscillator, the maser, was developed. However, the development of the science was given a much greater impetus by the development of the optical quantum oscillator, the laser, in 1960. Interest in lasers and non-linear optics as promising new fields of science began at Vilnius University immediately after the development of the laser. The beginning of the history of laser physics was in 1962, when the then head of the Department of Radiophysics, Prof. P. Brazdžiūnas, sent three students - A.P. Piskarskas, E. Maldutis and I. Gulbinaite to continue their studies at Moscow Lomonosov University, which they successfully completed in 1965. Stabinis and K. Burneika. The promise of quantum electronics began to emerge during their studies in Moscow, when the Nobel Prize was awarded in 1964 to N.G. Basov, A.M. Prokhorov and Ch.H. Townes for their achievements in laser physics. The first two worked at the Moscow physics institutes and worked closely with Moscow University, so that the level of quantum electronics studies there was very high. Physicists from all over the world, mainly Americans, French and Germans, used to visit. After graduation, all the students who were sent to study there entered the postgraduate course at Moscow University, defended their dissertations and returned to Vilnius University to continue their research work (except for I. Gulbinaitė, who entered the postgraduate course at MVU two years later, and then went to the USA).

Nobel laureate (1964) Ch. Townes visits Moscow's Lomonosov University (1965). Seated from right to left: Professors S. Akhmanov, Ch. Ch. Achmanov, Ch. Townes, R. Khokhlov, S. Korniyenko. Standing in the first row from right to left: postgraduates A. Piskarskas, M. Dzhizhiev, B. Akanaev, V. Fadeev

The contacts with foreign researchers made during his postgraduate studies were of great help to scientists later on, especially to the future head of the Department of Quantum Electronics, academician Professor A.P. Piskarskas, in establishing contacts with the world's strongest laser physics centres, in organising the Vilnius International Laser Physics Conferences, and in publicising the achievements of Lithuanian laser researchers to the world. Interestingly, in 1964-1965, while still a student, A.P. Piskarskas and his co-authors published the results of their first research in a prestigious scientific journal. This was the first article by a Lithuanian physicist on the interaction between laser radiation and matter. A.P. Piskarskas then studied the wavelength changes of laser radiation as it propagates through crystals and observed for the first time the phenomena of parametric amplification and generation of light. Similar phenomena were also described by physicists in the USA at the time, and A.P. Piskarskas' work is often cited alongside that of overseas colleagues.

A. P. Piskarskas, a postgraduate student at Moscow Lomonosov University, experiments in a laser laboratory with graduate student V. Kolosov (1967)

When they returned to work at Vilnius University, a group of like-minded people began to form, united by a common interest in quantum electronics. They were joined by R. Rakauskas, a senior lecturer at the Department of Radiophysics. Thus, in 1969-1970, a strong group of theoreticians and experimentalists was formed, determined to work in the new field of physical science. Under the leadership of senior lecturer R. Rakauskas. A.P. Piskarskas, the development and research of continuously tunable frequency lasers was carried out. Senior Lecturer A. Piskarsky and Prof. A. Piskarsky have been working on a series of research projects. R. Rakauskas studied energy migration processes in rare earth mantles. Senior Lecturer. E. Maldutis investigated the mechanisms of disruption of non-linear crystals by strong laser radiation.

In 1970, the Department of Electronics was established and quantum electronics specialists were transferred from the Department of Radiophysics. The Department of Electronics trained physicists specialising in electronics, and quantum electronics became the Department's main scientific focus. It was devoted to parametric light generation in non-linear crystals by changing the conditions of amplification and modulation, to the first study of simultaneous phase and group synchronism, to increasing the efficiency of parametric wave interaction, and to the study of non-linear wave interaction in crystals under the influence of high-intensity picosecond pulses of laser radiation (A.P. Piskarskas, A.P. Stabinis and K. Burneika).

The patriarch of Lithuanian experimental physics, academician P. Brazdžiūnas (middle), the pioneer of laser physics and non-linear optics research at Vilnius University, the head of the Department of Astronomy and Quantum Electronics, doc. A.P. Piskarskas and Dr. R. Danielius (1982)

1971 Senior Lecturer. Maldutis moved to the Institute of Semiconductor Physics, where he founded the Laboratory of Laser Radiation and Material Interaction. In 1972, quantum radiophysics was included in the plans for the Molecular Acoustics Problem Laboratory. New research topics were formulated, three of which were in the field of quantum electronics: the development of continuously tunable parametric ultrashort pulse generators in the 0,78¸1,65 mm range; the design and study of stable phototropic films for controlling ultrashort pulses in solid-state lasers; and the development and fabrication of an automated device for the measurement of ultra-small variations in the refractive index of nonlinear crystals (5-10-3).

In 1974, the Department of Astronomy and Plasma Physics was reorganised into the Department of Astronomy and Quantum Electronics as part of a further reorganisation of the departments in the Faculty of Physics. It remained under this name for 14 years, until 1988, when it was renamed the Department of Quantum Electronics. In 1972, Assoc. A. Misiūnas, who continued to head the Department after the name change. At the end of his term of office in 1978, A.P. Piskarskas. As the work expanded, the Laser Research Centre (LRC) was established in 1983 and A.P. Piskarskas was appointed its head. In the same year A.P. Piskarskas defended his PhD (now Habilitated Doctorate) thesis in Physics and Mathematics on "Wide Range Picosecond Parametric Light Generators and their Application in Spectroscopy of Ultrasonic Processes". 1984 A.P. Piskarskas was awarded the title of Professor. In the same year, together with his laser colleagues from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Uzbekistan, he was awarded the USSR State Prize for Science and Technology for his research on non-linear optics. Prof. A.P. Piskarskas held the position of the Head of KEK until 2012. Piskarskas is Professor Emeritus of Vilnius University. Prof. V. Sirutkaitis was elected Head of the Department of Quantum Electronics in 2012.

In 1978, after the construction of the new building of the Faculty of Physics in Saulėtekis Avenue, the Department moved to new premises. Until 1981, the posts of the Department were mainly economic, and therefore the researchers in these positions were on economic contracts. At the same time, in-depth fundamental and applied research was carried out in the fields of ultrashort pulse generation, parametric light generation and ultrafast spectroscopy. This work was widely known, and the Department was therefore eligible for budgetary funding for topics coordinated by the USSR State Scientific and Technical Committee. As a result, in 1981-1983 the Department received a large number of new posts of researchers and engineers and the number of staff increased to 70. Scientific laboratories were set up and equipped with the latest equipment with the help of economic contracts. This created favourable conditions for the development of research. Part of these funds were also used to maintain and improve the Department's teaching laboratory. When the budgetary and economic research groups were merged into the Laser Research Centre in 1983, part of the premises in the dormitory complex on Saulėtekio Avenue (Saulėtekio Avenue 10) were reconstructed into the Laser Research Laboratories. The reconstruction of the canteen into laboratories lasted for more than a year and involved the active participation of all the scientific and technical staff of the Department, who contributed in various ways to the construction and installation work.

Until 1991, economic contracts were mainly carried out for various scientific and industrial institutions of the USSR. In the period 1969-1990, 83 economic contracts were concluded for fundamental and applied research in the fields of non-linear optics, laser physics, laser material processing and laser medicine. In parallel, the development of various prototypes of laser devices started as early as 1983. These include: a picosecond spectrometer consisting of a picosecond laser and one or two parametric light generators; various optomechanical assemblies for laser circuits; stable ultra-short pulse lasers with feedback; optical harmonic generators; and special nanosecond pulse lasers. At that time, the number of teaching and research staff working in the field of quantum electronics had risen to 85. Following the completion of the economic contract for the S. Vavilov Institute of Optics in Leningrad in 1991, there were no more contracts with companies of the former USSR.

Students, as an active part of the population, are faced with the need for safety both in their studies and working life. Even at the learning stage they must not only comply with safety requirements, but also know the basic safety principles in order to apply them in the future.

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I. Preparation for laboratory work

1. Once the student is familiar with the assigned task and its theoretical aspects, before beginning the work he must clarify the work methodology, the operation principles of the equipment, the procedures, the purpose electrical and optical circuit elements, know what laws to verify, what relationships he/she will explore. The list of laboratory works and their descriptions can be found here.
2. The student writes up a report of his/her work in the laboratory work journal. The laboratory work journal is usually an A4 or A5 format exercise book (or A4 size sheets neatly attached to a document folder), in which, according to the laboratory requirements, the student describes all the work performed in the laboratory. The title page of the journal must include the student's full name, study program, year, group, and the name of the teacher who manage laboratory works.

II. Recommendations for recording in the laboratory journal

Work shall be entered in the journal in the following order:

1. Work title.
2. Purpose and tasks.
3. Theoretical topics reflecting the themes related to the lab. work purpose. The theoretical topics and the associated work tasks are usually provided in the methodological literature of every laboratory.
4. Summary of the theoretical part, i.e., short summary of the literature: the basic laws, propositions, formulas, research, the essence of the research method, etc.
5. Lab. work devices and tools. Indicate all equipment necessary for the work and their characteristics. When describing devices, you must provide the name, type (brand), and the measurement range. If the accuracy class is known, you must indicate the absolute or relative error of the device.
6. The connecting circuits used in the work or the structural diagrams of the devices.
7. Workflow. Briefly describe the main stages of the experiment, and the workflow.
8. Measurement results. Record the measurement results in tables, note the experiment conditions, calculate the physical quantities and plot graphs: provide well-structured diagrams, oscillograms, or spectrograms, indicate the final results and evaluate their accuracy.
9. Discussion of results and conclusions. The relationships and results obtained are explained on the basis of theoretical principles; the values obtained are compared with theoretical results and with the values obtained by different methods and under different conditions; the main causes of errors are identified together with ways to reduce them, and so on. Specific conclusions are formulated.
10. References. List of consulted references used for preparing the laboratory work.

A part, corresponding to items 1-6, can be written in advance when preparing for laboratory work at home, and then checked in the laboratory in case there are changes in the work tasks, means or equipment. If so, then the changes are recorded in the work journal. The other items are recorded once in the laboratory.

All figures (charts, graphs, diagrams) and tables are numbered. The title is written beneath the figures and above the tables.

The list of references is compiled according to the standards governing the publication of bibliographic descriptions. The form of the basic bibliographic data depends on the specific requirements for publishing: if the number of authors of a book is three or less, their names are written at the beginning, otherwise the authors' names are written after the book title. Following that, appear the place of publishing, the name of the publisher, year of publication and the number of pages.

III. Carrying out the work, its organization and evaluation

1. Once the student comes to the lab he/she must show the teacher he/she is prepared for the work and get permission to carry it out. Prior to experimental measurements, the technician or engineer will briefly check that the student knows the work methods and specify what specific tasks he/she will perform. The student must answer the teacher‘s, engineer‘s (or technician‘s) questions related to the theoretical topics and practical tasks.
2. In addition, the student must submit a report to the teacher on any previous work carried out together with calculations, graphs, conclusions, and so on (if he was unable to write the report at that time.)
3. If the student has not prepared for the new work at home, then he/she must prepare for it in the laboratory according to the requirements set by the laboratory staff. When the student has finished, the teacher or engineer can re-examine the student‘s readiness. If the student is well prepared, he/she will be permitted to carry out the task in extra time with another group, provided the work station in the laboratory is free.
4. When carrying out laboratory work, students must comply with general safety procedures and requirements (with which they will be familiarized by laboratory staff and/or teachers during the introductory class), must not obstruct the work of their colleagues, must remain at their work station and not leave equipment switched on unattended.
5. Breaks will be chosen individually.
6. Questions concerning all work and organizational issues may be addressed to the laboratory staff and teachers.
7. Completion of the tasks will be first certified by an engineer (or technician) signing the logbook with the word "Done." The work then goes to the teacher who evaluates the task with a grade and certifies the evaluation with his/her signature and the note „Registered“. When defending the work for the teacher, the student should be able to explain the results and their accuracy, and should know the theoretical themes. Performance of the overall task will be evaluated with a final grade, which is recorded in the work accounting table.
8. If two laboratory tasks remain without defence, the student will not be permitted to carry out further work. If the student wishes to carry out the missed work with another group, he/she must obtain the teacher‘s agreement and written permission in the work journal, and negotiate a time for the work with the laboratory staff.
9. If the student has not had time to complete and defend all his/her laboratory works by the end of the semester, the laboratory staff may agree to conditions for carrying them out, and the teacher may agree to conditions for their defence, provided that the student has/her shown extenuating circumstances, submitted appropriate documentation and received the required permission from the Dean's Office and/or department chairs. In all other cases, the laboratory work will not be registered. Without a certificate of laboratory work completion, the student cannot sit the physics exam.

These requirements have been prepared on the basis of Vilnius University, Faculty of Physics, 1992 04 28 (Protocol. 4-92), General Laboratory practice regulations, rules and safe and P.J.Žilinskas‘ book "Recommendations for the Preparing Written Work" (VU, 2000; in Lithuanian).